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Objectives: To determine the frequency of disordered eating and menstrual dysfunctions in female athletes
Material and Method: This was a cross sectional study. A Total of 66 female athletes from different colleges of Lahore participated in the study. Disordered eating was assessed using eating disorder examination questionnaire [EDE-Q] and menstrual dysfunctions were determined using standardized questionnaire
Results: Disordered eating was present in 15.2% while menstrual dysfunctions were present in 4.5% of the female athletes
Conclusion: It is concluded that frequency of disordered eating is high in female athletes while menstrual dysfunctions are not common in female athletes of major teaching institutions of Lahore
ABSTRACT
Coriander [coriandrum sativum] is widely cultivated in Pakistan and other countries. The whole plant is used in preparation of sauces while its leaves give taste to soups, curries and bakery products. Its fruits are widely used as condiments. Coriander possesses extensive pharmacological actions. Coriander has hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects. It decreases levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins while it increases high density lipoproteins. Hepatoprotective effect of coriander has also been reported. It possesses antioxidant and sedative effects. Coriander also protects gastric mucosal damage. Because of its multiple effects coriander should be included in the diet and its medicinal use is recommended
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Objective: To assess the serum angiopoietin1 levels in patients with ectopic pregnancy
Method: A total of sixty females were investigated. All the females were aged between 20-40 years. Thirty females having normal viable intrauterine pregnancy with the gestational age of 6-8 weeks were taken as the control group while 30 females who presented to the hospital with ectopic pregnancy at 6-8 weeks of gestation were taken as the study group
Results: The serum angiopoietin1 levels were decreased significantly [p=0.001] in females with ectopic pregnancyas compared to the females having normal pregnancy
Conclusion: The decreased levels of serum angiopoietin1 in ectopic pregnancy show that it can be used as an important biomarker for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
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Objective: To determine the effects of ethanolic extract of seeds of coriandrum sativum on serum glucose and adiponectin levels in alloxan induced diabetic male albino rats
Methods: A randomized controlled trials [RCT] study was conducted at Physiology Department, Service Institute of Medical Sciences [SIMS], Lahore from august 2012 to January 2014. This study was conducted on nintety male albino rats weighing 150-200 gm. The rats were randomly divided in three groups of thirty each. Group A was non diabetic control [n=30]; group B was diabetic control [ n-30] and group C was diabetic experimental [ n-30] and was given coriandrum sativum seeds extract orally [250mg/kg body weight] as a daily single dose for 28 days On 29th day, a 4-5 ml intracardiac blood sample was taken from each rat. Biochemical parameters evaluated were serum glucose [by glucose oxidase method] and adiponectin [by ELISA method]
Results: The ethanolic extract of coriandrum sativum given to diabetic rats produced highly significant [p= 0.000] reduction in serum glucose and highly significant [p=0.000] increase in serum adiponectin levels
Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of seeds of coriandrum sativum possesses potent glucose lowering effect. it Increases serum adiponectin levels
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Muslims fast in the holy month of Ramadan, some also fast in Shawal and other months. After intake of sehri, blood glucose increases but as fasting continues, it falls. The main control of transition from feasting to fasting and vice versa is two pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon. Insulin is secreted from beta cells of pancreatic islets after sehri [food] intake and energy is stored. When blood glucose falls due to fasting, glucagon is secreted from alpha cells of pancreatic islets to release energy and blood glucose rises. During prolonged fasting, epinephrine released by sympathetic stimulation and cortisol released from adrenal cortex to maintain blood glucose level
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Memory; a higher intellectual function is ability to store experiences and information and to recall these voluntarily and involuntarily. Explicit or declarative memory is associated with consciousness. It is of two types; episodic [memory of events] and semantic [memory of words, rules and language. It involves hippocampus, amygdala and diencephalon. Implicit or skill or habits memory is the memory of skilled behavior and it does not require conscious understanding; for example riding a bicycle and playing basketball. Parts of the brain involved in this memory are parts of sensorimotor cortex, basal nuclei and cerebellum
Memory can be short term, intermediate long term and long term. Short term memory lasts for seconds to a few minutes. Short term memory is consolidated to long term memory by rehearsal or active practice. Minimum consolidation occurs in 5-10 minutes while strong consolidation requires 1 hour or more. Long term memory involves protein synthesis and permanent facilitation of synapses. Those sensory experiences are stored into memory that is accompanied by either reward or punishment
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Objective: to assess the serum zinc and serum immunoglobulin G levels in different socioeconomic groups
Methods: hundred subjects in total were investigated. Out of these, 50 [25 males and 25 females] belonged to the lower socioeconomic [LSEC] group and 50 [25 males and 25 females] belonged to the upper/ upper middle socioeconomic [USEC] group. Estimation of serum zinc was made by colorimetric method whereas serum immunoglobulin G [lgG] was determined by the immunoturbidimetric assay. A comparison of both parameters was made between the two socioeconomic [SEC] groups
Results: results revealed significantly low serum zinc in the LSEC group as compared to the USEC group. Similarly serum lgG levels were also significantly low in the LSEC group. Serum lgG levels did not show significant gender difference in the ·LSEC group however it was significantly higher in females than in males in the USEC. Generally a significantly positive correlation was found between serum zinc and serum lgG levels
Conclusion: the LSEC class has low serum zinc levels and low serum lgG levels and hence is at greater risk of developing infections
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Objective: to investigate the relationship between the anthropometric parameters and the severity of hirsutism
Methods: a sample of sixty female subjects aged 18-35 years. Having hirsutism was selected, while ten normal healthy females were randomly included as controls. Height, weight and waist circumference of subjects were measured. Body mass index [kg/m2] was calculated. All subjects underwent an assessment of excess terminal hair growth using the modification of the method originally described by Ferriman and Gallwey [FG]. Hirsutism was classified as mild [score 8 15], moderate [score16-25], and severe [score >25]
Results: the mean SD waist circumference, weight and body mass index values in hirsute subjects were significantly higher [p< 0.05] than those in controls. Significant positive correlations were observed between body weight, BMI and mild hirsutism score. However in moderate hirsutism, Ferriman Gallwey score was significantly and positively correlated with body mass index only
Conclusion: the excess terminal hair growth is more common in overweight women having less hirsutism score
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Objective: to determine the biochemical and ultra-sonographic noninvasive parameters in liver cirrhotic patients due to Hepatitis Band C virus. To validate the non-invasive parameters with the presence of esophageal varices using endoscopy as gold standard
Material and Methods: two hundred diagnosed patients were taken. Every patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGO] for the presence of esophageal varices. Ultrasonography was done to calculate the spleen diameter. Blood samples were taken to find the levels of blood ammonia and platelet count
Results: on the basis of Receiver operating curve [ROC] blood ammonia level had area under the curve [AUC] 1.000 [p<0.001] platelet count/spleen diameter ratio [AUC=0.008, p<0.001] platelet count [AUC 0.009, p<0.001] and spleen diameter had area under the curve 0.986 [p<0.001] The maximum area under the curve was observed with blood ammonia [100%] as compared to other parameters
Conclusion: it was concluded from the present study that blood ammonia level is the most reliable non-invasive parameter in predicting the presence of esophageal varices as compared to other non-invasive parameters
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Objective: to evaluate renal function in non-proteinuric diabetic patients
Material and Methods: it was a descriptive analytical study, conducted in University of Health Science Lahore, from February 2010 to January 2011, with a sample size of 195 diabetic subjects. They were divided equally among normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric groups, according to their daily urinary albumin excretion rate [AER], with 65 patients in each group. Their renal function status and GFR was evaluated by conducting tests on serum and urine samples. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to observe differences of medians in different groups. p value less than 0.05 was taken statistically significant
Results: there was predominance of males in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric groups while females were more in number in normoalbuminuric group. Majority of normoalbuminuric individuals were unmarried, while married individuals were prevalent in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric group. Significant differences were found in serum urea concentration, serum creatinine concentration, serum uric acid concentration, glomerular filtration rate, urinary creatinine concentration, urine flow rate, daily albumin excretion rate and urinary albumin concentration among the three groups. Urinary creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate were in the highest ranges in normoalbuminuric group and in the lowest ranges in macroalbuminuric group. While rest of the parameters [ie. age, duration of diabetes, serum urea concentration, serum creatinine concentration, urine flow rate, daily AER , urinary albumin concentration and serum uric acid concentration] were in the lowest ranges in normoalbuminuric group and in the highest ranges in macroalbuminuric group. There was significant renal function impairment in microalburoinuric stage of diabetic nephropathy. p <0.05 was taken statistically significant
Conclusion: it is concluded that impairment in renal function occurs even in microalbuminuric stages of diabetic nephropathy. Renal functions are impaired even in the diabetic patients who have not yet developed frank proteinuria
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Objective: to compare the diagnostic value of antibodies against mutated citrullinated vimentin [anti-MCV] and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides [anti-CCP] in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Material and Methods: a total of 88 subjects were included in the study, comprising of 58 known patients of rheumatoid arthritis [fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology Criteria].Thirty age and sex matched normal healthy volunteers were included as controls in the study. Sera of all study subjects were tested by Elisa for presence of anti-MCV and anti-CCP antibodies
Results: the sensitivity and specificity of serum anti CCP antibodies for RA was calculated to be 58.6% and 86. 7% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of serum anti MCV antibodies for RA was calculated to be 34.5% and 70.6% respectively at the manufacturer's cutoff value of 25U/L
Conclusion: anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies have higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of RA as compared to anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibodies
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Objective: to find out the correlation between anthropometric and serum glycemic parameters in a sample of healthy male Pakistani population
Material and Methods: it was a correlational study. Sixty male subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Anthropometric parameters including BMI, waist to hip ratio and waist circumference, were measured. Fasting serum glucose and fasting serum insulin were estimated. Insulin resistance was determined quantitatively by HOMA-IR. Serum glycemic parameters were correlated with anthropometric parameters
Results: a significant positive correlation was observed between fasting serum glucose and BMI, waist to hip ratio and waist circumference. A significant positive correlation was observed between fasting serum insulin and waist circumference but there was no significant correlation between serum insulin and other anthropometric parameters. A significant positive correlation was observed between insulin resistance and waist to hip ratio and waist circumference but there was no significant correlation between insulin resistance and BMI
Conclusion: these results provide evidence for linkage between anthropometric and glycemic parameters in apparently healthy, non-obese adults having anthropometric parameters within normal range. Abdominal obesity as measured by waist circumference correlates not only with insulin resistance but also with fasting serum insulin and fasting serum glucose even in healthy subjects
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Objective: to evaluate the modifiable risk factors associated with obesity in adolescents belonging to different socioeconomic groups
Material and Methods: this comparative study was carried out in urban district of Lahore. A total of 270 adolescents 13-15 years of age were recruited, 90 each from upper, middle and lower socioeconomic groups [based on the school fee]. Calorie intake, physical activity and hours of television viewing and computer usage was determined by a self-administered questionnaire
Results: there was statistically significant difference regarding daily calorie intake of the upper middle and lower socioeconomic groups [F=4.588, df =2, p<0.05]. There was no significant difference in hours of physical activity per day in the upper, middle and lower socioeconomic groups [F=1.997, dF = 2, p>0.05]. There was a statistically significant difference in the hours of television watching and computer use per day in the upper, middle and lower socioeconomic groups [F=9.491, df=2, p<0.05]
Conclusion: calorie intake was influenced by socioeconomic status being highest in upper socioeconomic group followed by the lower socioeconomic group and was lowest in the middle socioeconomic group. There was no difference in the hours of physical activity per day in the upper, middle and lower socioeconomic groups. Hours of television watching and computer use per day was influenced by socioeconomic status being highest in the upper socioeconomic group followed by middle and then lowest in the lower socioeconomic group
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Objective: to assess the calcium status of healthy female and male medical students
Material and Methods: this cross sectional study was carried out in 30 female and 30 male healthy medical students in Department of Physiology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore. Subjects were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Height and weight of each subject was determined and BMI was calculated. Serum calcium was determined by colorimetric method. Serum parathyroid and calcitonin were estimated by the ELISA
Results: the height and weight of female students were significantly less than those of male students. BMI of female students was non-significantly lower than those of male students. In female students, serum calcium and calcitonin levels were significantly lower while serum parathyroid hormone was non significantly lower than in male students. A significant positive correlation between serum calcium and serum calcitonin levels and significant negative correlation between serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were found in total study population. Significant correlations of serum calcitonin with weight and height were also present
Conclusion: the female medical students have low calcium status and are more prone to have bone loss
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Background: Freshly ejaculated spermatozoa in female reproductive system are not able to fertilize the egg. Spermatozoa first get capacitated by having some physiological changes and then become acrosome reacted to get this ability. Capacitating factors are present in female reproductive system and semen. Among capacitating factors a unique and potent signaling phospholipid is found in spermatozoa called Platelet Activating Factor [PAF]. ,Apart from the activation of platelets, PAF has numerous other effects related to reproduction like sperm motility, sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, implantation, embryo development and parturition
Objective: It was aimed to study the effect of exogenous platelet activating factor on capacitation and acrosome reaction in normal sperms
Subjects and Methods: Twenty semen samples were collected as per WHO criterion for semen analysis from normospermic males. The sperms were separated from the seminal fluid by using Sydney IVF Sperm gradient kit. Chlortetracycline [CTC] assay was employed to assess the specific immunofluorescent pattern in spermatozoa for incapacitation, capacitation and acrosome reaction. A group of sperms incubated in sperm washing medium was compared with the group of sperms incubated in exogenous PAF
Results: The results were obtained as percentage of sperms stained with Chlortetracycline for the specific immunofluorescent pattern. A significant difference [p<0.05], was observed between the two groups revealing that the exogenous PAF significantly promotes sperm capacitation as well as acrosome reaction in the normospermic subjects
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Background: The foundation of bone health is established during the pre and postnatal developmental stages especially childhood and adolescence. During this period the bone development may be altered by genetic and acquired disorders. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of chronic diseases in children and has great impact on the growth of children
Objective: To access bone mineral density in type 1 diabetic children of 9-15 years as compared to age matched healthy subjects and correlate these values with anthropometric and glycemic parameters
Subjects and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in 60 boys 9-15 years old ,in Department of Physiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The control group consisted of 30 healthy boys and diabetic group comprised of 30 boys suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. Weight, height were measured and BMI was calculated. Fasting blood glucose was determined by glucose oxidase method and HbA1c by affinity liquid chromatography. Bone mineral density was measured with bone profiler based on quantitative ultrasound measurement [QUS]
Results: There was statistically non significant [p >0.05] difference of bone mineral density in diabetic and non-diabetic boys. The correlations between bone mineral density and anthropometric and glycemic parameters were not significant [p>0.05].A significant negative [p<0.05] correlation was observed between duration of diabetes and height. Significant [p<0.05] positive correlations were also observed between age and weight and age and height in diabetic boys
Conclusion: In type 1 diabetic children, bone mineral density, height and weight are not significantly affected by glycemic parameters but duration of diabetes has a significant negative impact on height in children
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Objective: magnesium has a role in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in ·patients of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to compare the levels of serum magnesium in type-2 diabetic patients [controlled and uncontrolled] with non-diabetic controls
Material and Methods: this cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in eighty patients with type-2 diabetes and forty healthy, age and sex matched controls. Diabetic patients were selected after taking detailed history from the outpatient Diabetic Clinic of Services Hospital, Lahore. They were analyzed for serum magnesium, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA 1 c] levels
Results: mean +/- SD serum magnesium levels of the type 2 diabetic uncontrolled cases were significantly lower [p<0.01] than in the non-diabetic control subjects [0.771 +/- 0.208 mmol/I and 0.901 +/- 0.128 mmol/I]. These levels were non-significantly lower in controlled diabetic patients. There was inverse correlation [r = - 0.084] between the serum magnesium with fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the type 2 controlled diabetic patients
Conclusion: hypomagnesemia is present in type 2 diabetic patients